• How do "they" Speed-test Internet Links??

    From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Mon Sep 8 21:42:06 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    (Posted to both Win-11 and Linux groups)

    Some years ago, The Australian Government set up a "company" to connect everyone up to the Internet. Commercial Buildings would get Fibre-to-the-Building whilst Homes would get Fibre-to-the-Node then
    twisted pair to the Home .... unless the Home-owner paid the extra bucks
    to get Fibre-to-the-Home.

    Now, various Domestic-type ISP's are offering to upgrade anybody to Fibre-to-the-Home for not much cost. My sister is undergoing this
    upgrade at the moment, so this has prompted my question.

    Which got me thinking ..... How do "they" Speed-test Internet Links?? .. particularly How do 'they' distinguish the Up-link TIME from the
    Down-link TIME?? e.g. my current speeds, using Speedtest, are ....

    https://www.bing.com/search?q=Internet%20speed%20test&form=B00032&ocid=SettingsHAQ-BingIA&pageId=SettingsPageNetworkManageAdapterOptions&mkt=en-US

    Ping 23ms
    Download 12.66 Mb/s
    Upload 0.93 Mb/s

    O.K., so these speeds, now-a-days, might not be anything to Write home
    about but they are what they are .... but how do 'they' seperate how
    much time is spent Downloading from my Computer and how much time is
    spent Uploading to my Computer.

    I mean .... My Computer starts a check, the signal goes somewhere,
    starts a clock and a signal comes back to my Computer and, maybe, my
    computer sends another signal to stop the Clock .... so the signal does
    at least one full circuit .... but how do "they" seperate the two halves
    times and, therefore, the speeds each way??
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Alan K.@alan@invalid.com to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Mon Sep 8 08:10:02 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 9/8/25 7:42 AM, Daniel70 wrote:
    (Posted to both Win-11 and Linux groups)

    Some years ago, The Australian Government set up a "company" to connect everyone up to the Internet. Commercial Buildings would get Fibre-to-the-Building whilst Homes would get Fibre-to-the-Node then
    twisted pair to the Home .... unless the Home-owner paid the extra bucks
    to get Fibre-to-the-Home.

    Now, various Domestic-type ISP's are offering to upgrade anybody to Fibre-to-the-Home for not much cost. My sister is undergoing this
    upgrade at the moment, so this has prompted my question.

    Which got me thinking ..... How do "they" Speed-test Internet Links?? .. particularly How do 'they' distinguish the Up-link TIME from the
    Down-link TIME?? e.g. my current speeds, using Speedtest, are ....

    https://www.bing.com/search?q=Internet%20speed%20test&form=B00032&ocid=SettingsHAQ-BingIA&pageId=SettingsPageNetworkManageAdapterOptions&mkt=en-US

    Ping 23ms
    Download 12.66 Mb/s
    Upload 0.93 Mb/s

    O.K., so these speeds, now-a-days, might not be anything to Write home
    about but they are what they are .... but how do 'they' seperate how
    much time is spent Downloading from my Computer and how much time is
    spent Uploading to my Computer.

    I mean .... My Computer starts a check, the signal goes somewhere,
    starts a clock and a signal comes back to my Computer and, maybe, my
    computer sends another signal to stop the Clock .... so the signal does
    at least one full circuit .... but how do "they" seperate the two halves times and, therefore, the speeds each way??
    You send a ton of data one way and time it, then the other way. Seems simple to me.
    How do you test read and write speed on a thumb drive or hard drive?
    --
    Linux Mint 22.2, Thunderbird 128.14.0esr, Mozilla Firefox 142.0.1
    Alan K.
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Dan Purgert@dan@djph.net to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Mon Sep 8 12:21:56 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 2025-09-08, Daniel70 wrote:
    [...]
    Which got me thinking ..... How do "they" Speed-test Internet Links?? .. particularly How do 'they' distinguish the Up-link TIME from the
    Down-link TIME?? e.g. my current speeds, using Speedtest [...]

    For the most part, a speedtest works by you downloading a file of known
    size (say 100 MiB), and then sending it back. Exact file size will vary
    by testing provider, but essentially it's just this:

    Download start = 0.00
    Download end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = X Mbit / sec

    Upload Start = 0.00
    Upload end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = Y Mbit / Sec
    --
    |_|O|_|
    |_|_|O| Github: https://github.com/dpurgert
    |O|O|O| PGP: DDAB 23FB 19FA 7D85 1CC1 E067 6D65 70E5 4CE7 2860
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Mon Sep 8 23:16:05 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 8/09/2025 10:10 pm, Alan K. wrote:
    On 9/8/25 7:42 AM, Daniel70 wrote:
    (Posted to both Win-11 and Linux groups)

    Some years ago, The Australian Government set up a "company" to connect
    everyone up to the Internet. Commercial Buildings would get
    Fibre-to-the-Building whilst Homes would get Fibre-to-the-Node then
    twisted pair to the Home .... unless the Home-owner paid the extra bucks
    to get Fibre-to-the-Home.

    Now, various Domestic-type ISP's are offering to upgrade anybody to
    Fibre-to-the-Home for not much cost. My sister is undergoing this
    upgrade at the moment, so this has prompted my question.

    Which got me thinking ..... How do "they" Speed-test Internet Links?? ..
    particularly How do 'they' distinguish the Up-link TIME from the
    Down-link TIME?? e.g. my current speeds, using Speedtest, are ....

    https://www.bing.com/search?q=Internet%20speed%20test&form=B00032&ocid=SettingsHAQ-BingIA&pageId=SettingsPageNetworkManageAdapterOptions&mkt=en-US


    Ping        23ms
    Download    12.66 Mb/s
    Upload        0.93 Mb/s

    O.K., so these speeds, now-a-days, might not be anything to Write home
    about but they are what they are .... but how do 'they' seperate how
    much time is spent Downloading from my Computer and how much time is
    spent Uploading to my Computer.

    I mean .... My Computer starts a check, the signal goes somewhere,
    starts a clock and a signal comes back to my Computer and, maybe, my
    computer sends another signal to stop the Clock .... so the signal does
    at least one full circuit .... but how do "they" seperate the two halves
    times and, therefore, the speeds each way??

    You send a ton of data one way and time it, then the other way.  Seems simple to me.
    How do you test read and write speed on a thumb drive or hard drive?

    If I START NOW how does the clock at the other end know when to START
    that clock. Sure, they'll know when to STOP that clock.

    Conversely, when the distant end STARTs to send infomation, the know
    when to start that clock .... but how do they know when they should STOP
    that clock??
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Mon Sep 8 23:24:12 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 8/09/2025 10:21 pm, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-08, Daniel70 wrote:
    [...]
    Which got me thinking ..... How do "they" Speed-test Internet Links?? ..
    particularly How do 'they' distinguish the Up-link TIME from the
    Down-link TIME?? e.g. my current speeds, using Speedtest [...]

    For the most part, a speedtest works by you downloading a file of known
    size (say 100 MiB), and then sending it back. Exact file size will vary
    by testing provider, but essentially it's just this:

    Download start = 0.00
    Download end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = X Mbit / sec

    But how does the distant end know when I have received the entire file
    (i.e. Download end time)??

    Upload Start = 0.00
    Upload end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = Y Mbit / Sec

    Similarly, how does the distant end know when my computer started the
    Upload (Upload start time)??
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Lew Pitcher@lew.pitcher@digitalfreehold.ca to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Mon Sep 8 13:43:27 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On Mon, 08 Sep 2025 23:24:12 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:

    On 8/09/2025 10:21 pm, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-08, Daniel70 wrote:
    [...]
    Which got me thinking ..... How do "they" Speed-test Internet Links?? .. >>> particularly How do 'they' distinguish the Up-link TIME from the
    Down-link TIME?? e.g. my current speeds, using Speedtest [...]

    For the most part, a speedtest works by you downloading a file of known
    size (say 100 MiB), and then sending it back. Exact file size will vary
    by testing provider, but essentially it's just this:

    Download start = 0.00
    Download end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = X Mbit / sec

    But how does the distant end know when I have received the entire file
    (i.e. Download end time)??

    Upload Start = 0.00
    Upload end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = Y Mbit / Sec

    Similarly, how does the distant end know when my computer started the
    Upload (Upload start time)??

    The transfers typically use TCP, and that protocol includes feedback
    from the receiving end as to whether or not it has received the data
    sent. Typically, this feedback is in small enough packets that transmission latency doesn't affect the overall throughput measurement enough to
    matter.

    In theory, only one end has to make the timing measurements; It can
    be the sending end, or the receiving end.

    For sending-end measurement, the sender
    - starts the clock
    - sends a known amount of data to the receiver, obeying the receiver's
    TCP flow-control requests
    - stops the clock at the TCP FIN/FIN-ACK end-of-data acknowledged
    - computes elapsed time
    - computes upload transfer rate (known amount of data / computed elapsed time)

    For receiving-end measurement, the receiver
    - waits for the TCP connection
    - starts the clock
    - receives the data, counting the volume as it goes
    - stops the clock at the TCP FIN/FIN-ACK end-of-data received signal
    - computes elapsed time
    - computes download transfer rate (counted amount of data / computed elapsed time)

    With those web-page throughput estimators (https://www.speedtest.net, for example),
    the throughput computation usually occurs at the web server, with the webpage providing
    javascript (or other code that will execute on the client system) to either sink the TCP connection and data being sent (from the web server to the client system
    for the upload test, or source the TCP connection and data (from the client system to
    the web server) being sent for the download test.


    HTH
    --
    Lew Pitcher
    "In Skills We Trust"
    Not LLM output - I'm just like this.
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Dan Purgert@dan@djph.net to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Mon Sep 8 13:44:45 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 2025-09-08, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 8/09/2025 10:21 pm, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-08, Daniel70 wrote:
    [...]
    Which got me thinking ..... How do "they" Speed-test Internet Links?? .. >>> particularly How do 'they' distinguish the Up-link TIME from the
    Down-link TIME?? e.g. my current speeds, using Speedtest [...]

    For the most part, a speedtest works by you downloading a file of known
    size (say 100 MiB), and then sending it back. Exact file size will vary
    by testing provider, but essentially it's just this:

    Download start = 0.00
    Download end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = X Mbit / sec

    But how does the distant end know when I have received the entire file
    (i.e. Download end time)??

    Because you told them you got it.


    Rough outline is:

    - You send a request to the Speedtest server to send the test file.
    - Speedtest starts sending (START TIME HERE)
    - (time passes)
    - You indicate you got all the data (END TIME HERE)
    - End minus Start equals Total Time (usually in seconds).
    - Test File Size divided by Total Time equals Transfer Speed

    This is identical to the upload test (just with roles reversed), so
    snipped that out for brevity.
    --
    |_|O|_|
    |_|_|O| Github: https://github.com/dpurgert
    |O|O|O| PGP: DDAB 23FB 19FA 7D85 1CC1 E067 6D65 70E5 4CE7 2860
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From R.Wieser@address@is.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Mon Sep 8 15:50:42 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    Daniel,

    If I START NOW how does the clock at the other end know when to START that clock. Sure, they'll know when to STOP that clock.
    ...
    Conversely, when the distant end STARTs to send infomation, the know when
    to start that clock .... but how do they know when they should STOP that clock??

    Thats the nice thing about TCP (as in: TCP/IP) communications : When the receiver finishes receiving a block of data it will send a signal back that the block is received correctly, and the next block may be send - or that,
    as the sending-side indicated, the last block was received.

    iow, *both* sides can start timers and get an accurate duration of the transmission.

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser


    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Mon Sep 8 23:58:28 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 8/09/2025 11:50 pm, R.Wieser wrote:
    Daniel,

    If I START NOW how does the clock at the other end know when to START that >> clock. Sure, they'll know when to STOP that clock.
    ...
    Conversely, when the distant end STARTs to send infomation, the know when
    to start that clock .... but how do they know when they should STOP that
    clock??

    Thats the nice thing about TCP (as in: TCP/IP) communications : When the receiver finishes receiving a block of data it will send a signal back that the block is received correctly, and the next block may be send - or that,
    as the sending-side indicated, the last block was received.

    iow, *both* sides can start timers and get an accurate duration of the transmission.

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser


    But both sides only know when a FULL CYCLE has been completed .... not
    two half cycles.
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Dan Purgert@dan@djph.net to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Mon Sep 8 14:05:33 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 2025-09-08, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 8/09/2025 11:50 pm, R.Wieser wrote:
    Daniel,

    If I START NOW how does the clock at the other end know when to START that >>> clock. Sure, they'll know when to STOP that clock.
    ...
    Conversely, when the distant end STARTs to send infomation, the know when >>> to start that clock .... but how do they know when they should STOP that >>> clock??

    Thats the nice thing about TCP (as in: TCP/IP) communications : When the
    receiver finishes receiving a block of data it will send a signal back that >> the block is received correctly, and the next block may be send - or that, >> as the sending-side indicated, the last block was received.

    iow, *both* sides can start timers and get an accurate duration of the
    transmission.

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser


    But both sides only know when a FULL CYCLE has been completed .... not
    two half cycles.

    What is a "full" or "half" cycle?
    --
    |_|O|_|
    |_|_|O| Github: https://github.com/dpurgert
    |O|O|O| PGP: DDAB 23FB 19FA 7D85 1CC1 E067 6D65 70E5 4CE7 2860
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From J.O. Aho@user@example.net to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Mon Sep 8 16:16:45 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 08/09/2025 15.58, Daniel70 wrote:

    But both sides only know when a FULL CYCLE has been completed .... not
    two half cycles.

    If a response not got for a package, you resend that package.
    --
    //Aho
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Carlos E.R.@robin_listas@es.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Mon Sep 8 16:18:15 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 2025-09-08 15:16, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 8/09/2025 10:10 pm, Alan K. wrote:
    On 9/8/25 7:42 AM, Daniel70 wrote:

    You send a ton of data one way and time it, then the other way.  Seems
    simple to me.
    How do you test read and write speed on a thumb drive or hard drive?

    If I START NOW how does the clock at the other end know when to START
    that clock. Sure, they'll know when to STOP that clock.

    Conversely, when the distant end STARTs to send infomation, the know
    when to start that clock .... but how do they know when they should STOP that clock??

    The packets are timestamped at departure, I think. The receiver sends
    replies received package X at this timestamp.

    Something of the sort. And computers nowdays have the clocks in sync.
    --
    Cheers, Carlos.
    ES🇪🇸, EU🇪🇺;
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 00:24:30 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 8/09/2025 11:43 pm, Lew Pitcher wrote:
    On Mon, 08 Sep 2025 23:24:12 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:

    On 8/09/2025 10:21 pm, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-08, Daniel70 wrote:
    [...]
    Which got me thinking ..... How do "they" Speed-test Internet Links?? .. >>>> particularly How do 'they' distinguish the Up-link TIME from the
    Down-link TIME?? e.g. my current speeds, using Speedtest [...]

    For the most part, a speedtest works by you downloading a file of known
    size (say 100 MiB), and then sending it back. Exact file size will vary >>> by testing provider, but essentially it's just this:

    Download start = 0.00
    Download end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = X Mbit / sec

    But how does the distant end know when I have received the entire file
    (i.e. Download end time)??

    Upload Start = 0.00
    Upload end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = Y Mbit / Sec

    Similarly, how does the distant end know when my computer started the
    Upload (Upload start time)??

    The transfers typically use TCP, and that protocol includes feedback
    from the receiving end as to whether or not it has received the data
    sent. Typically, this feedback is in small enough packets that transmission latency doesn't affect the overall throughput measurement enough to
    matter.

    In theory, only one end has to make the timing measurements; It can
    be the sending end, or the receiving end.

    For sending-end measurement, the sender
    - starts the clock
    - sends a known amount of data to the receiver, obeying the receiver's
    TCP flow-control requests
    - stops the clock at the TCP FIN/FIN-ACK end-of-data acknowledged
    - computes elapsed time
    - computes upload transfer rate (known amount of data / computed elapsed time)

    O.K., so my computer sends my Start time, then a certain amount of Data
    (1kB, maybe), and then sends my computers End Time. So including the
    clock times, totaling, maybe, 1.1kB.

    The Distant computer determines how long it took for my computer to send
    those three Datas (1.1kB) ..... but is it really able to determine how
    long it took to get that 1.1kB across the Wire/Cable/Satellite/Whatever connecting medium or just how long it took my Computer to send the data??

    For receiving-end measurement, the receiver
    - waits for the TCP connection
    - starts the clock
    - receives the data, counting the volume as it goes
    - stops the clock at the TCP FIN/FIN-ACK end-of-data received signal
    - computes elapsed time

    So the elapsed time (i.e. the time for my computer to actually send the 1.1kB), as measured by the receiving-end device should be the same time
    as measured by my Sending Device .... but still doesn't know how long
    the data transfer from Me to YOU to happen.

    - computes download transfer rate (counted amount of data / computed elapsed time)

    With those web-page throughput estimators (https://www.speedtest.net, for example),
    the throughput computation usually occurs at the web server, with the webpage providing
    javascript (or other code that will execute on the client system) to either sink the TCP connection and data being sent (from the web server to the client system
    for the upload test, or source the TCP connection and data (from the client system to
    the web server) being sent for the download test.


    HTH

    I don't know if I've done a good enough job of explaining my situation
    .... just goes to show how confused I am.
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Lew Pitcher@lew.pitcher@digitalfreehold.ca to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Mon Sep 8 14:43:58 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:24:30 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:

    On 8/09/2025 11:43 pm, Lew Pitcher wrote:
    On Mon, 08 Sep 2025 23:24:12 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:

    On 8/09/2025 10:21 pm, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-08, Daniel70 wrote:
    [...]
    Which got me thinking ..... How do "they" Speed-test Internet Links?? .. >>>>> particularly How do 'they' distinguish the Up-link TIME from the
    Down-link TIME?? e.g. my current speeds, using Speedtest [...]

    For the most part, a speedtest works by you downloading a file of known >>>> size (say 100 MiB), and then sending it back. Exact file size will vary >>>> by testing provider, but essentially it's just this:

    Download start = 0.00
    Download end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = X Mbit / sec

    But how does the distant end know when I have received the entire file
    (i.e. Download end time)??

    Upload Start = 0.00
    Upload end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = Y Mbit / Sec

    Similarly, how does the distant end know when my computer started the
    Upload (Upload start time)??

    The transfers typically use TCP, and that protocol includes feedback
    from the receiving end as to whether or not it has received the data
    sent. Typically, this feedback is in small enough packets that transmission >> latency doesn't affect the overall throughput measurement enough to
    matter.

    In theory, only one end has to make the timing measurements; It can
    be the sending end, or the receiving end.

    For sending-end measurement, the sender
    - starts the clock
    - sends a known amount of data to the receiver, obeying the receiver's
    TCP flow-control requests
    - stops the clock at the TCP FIN/FIN-ACK end-of-data acknowledged
    - computes elapsed time
    - computes upload transfer rate (known amount of data / computed elapsed time)

    O.K., so my computer sends my Start time, then a certain amount of Data (1kB, maybe), and then sends my computers End Time. So including the
    clock times, totaling, maybe, 1.1kB.

    Nope. Your computer neither sends "Start time" nor "End time". It simply
    sends data via TCP to the other system.

    Your system opens a TCP connection to the OTHER SYSTEM, and when the
    OTHER SYSTEM receives that TCP connection request from your system, the
    OTHER SYSTEM notes the start time.

    As your system sends data, the OTHER SYSTEM receives it, and measures
    how much data it received.

    When your system finishes sending data, it closes the TCP connection,
    which sends a TCP "all done" control message to the OTHER SYSTEM. When
    the OTHER SYSTEM receives that "all done" control message, it records
    the "End time", computes the elapsed time and volume of data, and
    then computes the throughput.


    The Distant computer determines how long it took for my computer to send those three Datas (1.1kB) ..... but is it really able to determine how
    long it took to get that 1.1kB across the Wire/Cable/Satellite/Whatever connecting medium or just how long it took my Computer to send the data??

    Rarely (if ever) have I seen a "speed test" that limits itself to just 1.1Kb
    of data. Usually, both sides send megabytes of data. This is important, as
    the smaller the data transfer, the larger the gross error in measurements.

    For receiving-end measurement, the receiver
    - waits for the TCP connection
    - starts the clock
    - receives the data, counting the volume as it goes
    - stops the clock at the TCP FIN/FIN-ACK end-of-data received signal
    - computes elapsed time

    So the elapsed time (i.e. the time for my computer to actually send the 1.1kB), as measured by the receiving-end device should be the same time
    as measured by my Sending Device .... but still doesn't know how long
    the data transfer from Me to YOU to happen.

    Elapsed time /IS/ "how long the data transfer from Me to YOU" took. At least for the gross measurements that these "how fast is my internet" websites
    offer. If you want some other measurement, you need to measure in a different way.

    - computes download transfer rate (counted amount of data / computed elapsed time)

    With those web-page throughput estimators (https://www.speedtest.net, for example),
    the throughput computation usually occurs at the web server, with the webpage providing
    javascript (or other code that will execute on the client system) to either >> sink the TCP connection and data being sent (from the web server to the client system
    for the upload test, or source the TCP connection and data (from the client system to
    the web server) being sent for the download test.


    HTH

    I don't know if I've done a good enough job of explaining my situation
    .... just goes to show how confused I am.

    From the sounds of it, you don't want to know "how fast is my internet". You want to
    know something like "What is the potential upper limit of packet transfer in
    a) my network,
    b) in the various networks between me and some other defined system, and
    c) in the various networks between me and some other undefined system.

    a) Can be answered by looking at the specs for your NIC
    Neither b) nor c) can be /reliably/ answered, as they depend on the states
    of the other networks in the route from you to that other system. Internet routing is variable, and there are many networks between you and the other system, and many routes to get there. How fast can you get from your home
    to, say, your local airport? If you travel the highway, you get one answer,
    but if you travel the back roads, you get another. If you go by car, you
    get a different answer then you would if you go by bicycle. That's internet routing.
    --
    Lew Pitcher
    "In Skills We Trust"
    Not LLM output - I'm just like this.
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From R.Wieser@address@is.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Mon Sep 8 17:08:46 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    Daniel,

    But both sides only know when a FULL CYCLE has been completed .... not two half cycles.

    Why ?

    I can see when I start upload and when it finishes, and in the same way when
    I get the first block of data of a download and when I get the last one.

    And that goes for both sides of the communication.

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser


    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Paul@nospam@needed.invalid to alt.os.linux,alt.comp.os.windows-11 on Mon Sep 8 11:20:08 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On Mon, 9/8/2025 7:42 AM, Daniel70 wrote:
    (Posted to both Win-11 and Linux groups)

    Some years ago, The Australian Government set up a "company" to connect everyone up to the Internet. Commercial Buildings would get Fibre-to-the-Building whilst Homes would get Fibre-to-the-Node then twisted pair to the Home .... unless the Home-owner paid the extra bucks to get Fibre-to-the-Home.

    Now, various Domestic-type ISP's are offering to upgrade anybody to Fibre-to-the-Home for not much cost. My sister is undergoing this upgrade at the moment, so this has prompted my question.

    Which got me thinking ..... How do "they" Speed-test Internet Links?? .. particularly How do 'they' distinguish the Up-link TIME from the Down-link TIME?? e.g. my current speeds, using Speedtest, are ....

    https://www.bing.com/search?q=Internet%20speed%20test&form=B00032&ocid=SettingsHAQ-BingIA&pageId=SettingsPageNetworkManageAdapterOptions&mkt=en-US

    Ping        23ms
    Download    12.66 Mb/s
    Upload        0.93 Mb/s

    O.K., so these speeds, now-a-days, might not be anything to Write home about but they are what they are .... but how do 'they' seperate how much time is spent Downloading from my Computer and how much time is spent Uploading to my Computer.

    I mean .... My Computer starts a check, the signal goes somewhere, starts a clock and a signal comes back to my Computer and, maybe, my computer sends another signal to stop the Clock .... so the signal does at least one full circuit .... but how do "they" seperate the two halves times and, therefore, the speeds each way??

    An instance of Speedtest.net , runs inside the ISP server room.
    This is how accurate speed test results are collected for links.
    (An instance of Netflix also runs in the server room, using
    a Netflix Pod with disk drives in it and so on. Any time an
    activity needs speed or accuracy or cheapness, a package deal
    is negotiated with the ISPs.)

    You can FTP download something, or FTP upload something, to a server,
    so the definition of a test isn't that hard to figure out. Now,
    instrument the stack and use RDTSC time stamps on each packet.

    On Windows, you could use Sysinternals Process Monitor, start it running,
    open a browser, visit Speedtest.net, do a measurement, then flip back to ProcMon and look at the time stamps on the network packets. A recent
    version of ProcMon, added the parser to include network packets. See, there's
    a little project to try, while sipping a coffee. The Process Monitor developer, realized they could add packets to their trace, when they heard that
    the Microsoft NM34 (equivalent of Wireshark, based on ETW tracing) was
    already tracing packets using ETW. And all that Process Monitor needed,
    was the parser to read packets and put them in the trace. Trace events
    use a "good" timestamper (microsecond level) to mark events.

    Process Monitor could trace a great many things, but there aren't
    parsers for all of it. Only a subset of what is captured has parsers.
    And at one time, the network packets were missing and not in the trace.
    At the time, I didn't even know that ETW handled packets, and when
    it showed up in ProcMon, that's when I started researching a bit
    of background info.

    Paul
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From R.Wieser@address@is.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Mon Sep 8 17:20:34 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    Daniel,

    But how does the distant end know when I have received the entire file
    (i.e. Download end time)??

    As said, the sending-side marks the last to-be-send data-block as being ... well, the last block. :-)

    Similarly, how does the distant end know when my computer started the
    Upload (Upload start time)??

    By receiving the first block of data ?

    Mind you, files do *not* get send as a single block, but as a number of smaller blocks.

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser


    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Carlos E.R.@robin_listas@es.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Mon Sep 8 22:46:21 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 2025-09-08 16:24, Daniel70 wrote:
    I don't know if I've done a good enough job of explaining my
    situation .... just goes to show how confused I am.

    The speed test measures how long it takes to send a large bunch of data.
    This is different from the time it takes to send a single packet,
    because as you say, the time for the answer to get back to you means you measure double the time. Two trips.

    However, the speed test may also show the "ping time". Perhaps "round
    ping time". This can be estimated using time stamps, I believe. The ping command does print that info.
    --
    Cheers, Carlos.
    ES🇪🇸, EU🇪🇺;
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Woozy Song@suzyw0ng@outlook.com to alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 12:30:43 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    Daniel70 wrote:
    (Posted to both Win-11 and Linux groups)

    Some years ago, The Australian Government set up a "company" to connect everyone up to the Internet. Commercial Buildings would get Fibre-to-the-Building whilst Homes would get Fibre-to-the-Node then
    twisted pair to the Home .... unless the Home-owner paid the extra bucks
    to get Fibre-to-the-Home.

    Actually, the first suburbs rolled out got FTTH, I was lucky to be in
    one. But then under pressure from Murdoch, the government went for the
    mixed madness system (FTTN, coax, fixed wireless, whatever shit was in
    the spare parts bin....)
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 20:19:25 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 9/09/2025 12:05 am, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-08, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 8/09/2025 11:50 pm, R.Wieser wrote:
    Daniel,

    If I START NOW how does the clock at the other end know when to START that >>>> clock. Sure, they'll know when to STOP that clock.
    ...
    Conversely, when the distant end STARTs to send infomation, the know when >>>> to start that clock .... but how do they know when they should STOP that >>>> clock??

    Thats the nice thing about TCP (as in: TCP/IP) communications : When the >>> receiver finishes receiving a block of data it will send a signal back that >>> the block is received correctly, and the next block may be send - or that, >>> as the sending-side indicated, the last block was received.

    iow, *both* sides can start timers and get an accurate duration of the
    transmission.

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser


    But both sides only know when a FULL CYCLE has been completed .... not
    two half cycles.

    What is a "full" or "half" cycle?

    I know when I send something out .... and I know when I receive
    something back .... e.g. I made my post at 23:58, yesterday, 08/09/25
    and, if I had still been online, I might have received your reply at
    0005, 09/09/25 .... so this full cycle took "7 minutes". But I did
    receive it now, 20:15, 09/09/25

    I know that not a good example for this situation but, hopefully, you
    get what I mean by "full" or "half" cycle?

    Full cycle .... Me sending Data and Me getting a response.
    Half cycle .... Me sending Data and distant end receiving Data.
    Distant end sending Data and me receiving Data.
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Andy Burns@usenet@andyburns.uk to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 11:22:21 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    Daniel70 wrote:

    so my computer sends my Start time, then a certain amount of Data (1kB, maybe), and then sends my computers End Time. So including the clock
    times, totaling, maybe, 1.1kB.

    Way too small an amount, try a few hundred megabytes.
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 20:23:51 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 9/09/2025 12:16 am, J.O. Aho wrote:
    On 08/09/2025 15.58, Daniel70 wrote:

    But both sides only know when a FULL CYCLE has been completed .... not
    two half cycles.

    If a response not got for a package, you resend that package.

    In an Error Detection and Correction situation, yes .... but what if
    Distant end is not expecting me to send anything?? Do I just keep
    sending, ad infinitum??
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 20:27:36 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 9/09/2025 1:08 am, R.Wieser wrote:
    Daniel,

    But both sides only know when a FULL CYCLE has been completed .... not two >> half cycles.

    Why ?

    I can see when I start upload and when it finishes, and in the same way when I get the first block of data of a download and when I get the last one.

    And that goes for both sides of the communication.

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser

    If I send you Data ...... and I hear nothing back. Do I assume you
    received my Data or do I just resend?? After a Minute?? An Hour?? A Day??
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From R.Wieser@address@is.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 12:36:17 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    Daniel,

    If a response not got for a package, you resend that package.

    In an Error Detection and Correction situation, yes ....

    That is what TCP is for.

    but what if Distant end is not expecting me to send anything??

    Than they would not be listening for something to come in, and you get a status back that your packet could not find an open port to deliver the data at.

    Do I just keep sending, ad infinitum??

    When you go visit someone unexpectedly, do you just keep knocking on their door until they open(even if they are currently on vacation), or do you
    think after a few times knocking that they just might not be home ?

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser


    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 20:51:43 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 9/09/2025 12:43 am, Lew Pitcher wrote:
    On Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:24:30 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 8/09/2025 11:43 pm, Lew Pitcher wrote:
    On Mon, 08 Sep 2025 23:24:12 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 8/09/2025 10:21 pm, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-08, Daniel70 wrote:
    [...] Which got me thinking ..... How do "they" Speed-test
    Internet Links?? .. particularly How do 'they' distinguish
    the Up-link TIME from the Down-link TIME?? e.g. my current
    speeds, using Speedtest [...]

    For the most part, a speedtest works by you downloading a
    file of known size (say 100 MiB), and then sending it back.
    Exact file size will vary by testing provider, but
    essentially it's just this:

    Download start = 0.00 Download end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = X Mbit / sec

    But how does the distant end know when I have received the
    entire file (i.e. Download end time)??

    Upload Start = 0.00 Upload end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = Y Mbit / Sec

    Similarly, how does the distant end know when my computer
    started the Upload (Upload start time)??

    The transfers typically use TCP, and that protocol includes
    feedback from the receiving end as to whether or not it has
    received the data sent. Typically, this feedback is in small
    enough packets that transmission latency doesn't affect the
    overall throughput measurement enough to matter.

    In theory, only one end has to make the timing measurements; It
    can be the sending end, or the receiving end.

    For sending-end measurement, the sender - starts the clock -
    sends a known amount of data to the receiver, obeying the
    receiver's TCP flow-control requests - stops the clock at the TCP
    FIN/FIN-ACK end-of-data acknowledged - computes elapsed time -
    computes upload transfer rate (known amount of data / computed
    elapsed time)

    O.K., so my computer sends my Start time, then a certain amount of
    Data (1kB, maybe), and then sends my computers End Time. So
    including the clock times, totaling, maybe, 1.1kB.

    Nope. Your computer neither sends "Start time" nor "End time". It
    simply sends data via TCP to the other system.

    Your system opens a TCP connection to the OTHER SYSTEM, and when the
    OTHER SYSTEM receives that TCP connection request from your system,
    the OTHER SYSTEM notes the start time.

    As your system sends data, the OTHER SYSTEM receives it, and
    measures how much data it received.

    When your system finishes sending data, it closes the TCP
    connection, which sends a TCP "all done" control message to the OTHER
    SYSTEM. When the OTHER SYSTEM receives that "all done" control
    message, it records the "End time", computes the elapsed time and
    volume of data, and then computes the throughput.

    YEAP!! Undergerstumble!! But did my data travel via Undersea Co-ax or
    via Low Earth orbit Satellite or via High Earth orbit Satellite ..... or
    via one of those reflector Panels (supposedly) left on The Moon by the
    Apollo Astronauts??

    The length of the Message should be the same but the delay will differ significantly.

    The Distant computer determines how long it took for my computer to
    send those three Datas (1.1kB) ..... but is it really able to
    determine how long it took to get that 1.1kB across the
    Wire/Cable/Satellite/Whatever connecting medium or just how long it
    took my Computer to send the data??

    Rarely (if ever) have I seen a "speed test" that limits itself to
    just 1.1Kb of data. Usually, both sides send megabytes of data. This
    is important, as the smaller the data transfer, the larger the gross
    error in measurements.

    I'll accept your Megabytes, I just had no idea!

    For receiving-end measurement, the receiver - waits for the TCP
    connection - starts the clock - receives the data, counting the
    volume as it goes - stops the clock at the TCP FIN/FIN-ACK
    end-of-data received signal - computes elapsed time

    So the elapsed time (i.e. the time for my computer to actually send
    the 1.1kB), as measured by the receiving-end device should be the
    same time as measured by my Sending Device .... but still doesn't
    know how long the data transfer from Me to YOU to happen.

    Elapsed time /IS/ "how long the data transfer from Me to YOU" took.
    At least for the gross measurements that these "how fast is my
    internet" websites offer. If you want some other measurement, you
    need to measure in a different way.

    Data transfer time. How loan AFTER I started sending did YOU start
    receiving??

    - computes download transfer rate (counted amount of data /
    computed elapsed time)

    With those web-page throughput estimators
    (https://www.speedtest.net, for example), the throughput
    computation usually occurs at the web server, with the webpage
    providing javascript (or other code that will execute on the
    client system) to either sink the TCP connection and data being
    sent (from the web server to the client system for the upload
    test, or source the TCP connection and data (from the client
    system to the web server) being sent for the download test.


    HTH

    I don't know if I've done a good enough job of explaining my
    situation .... just goes to show how confused I am.

    From the sounds of it, you don't want to know "how fast is my
    internet". You want to know something like "What is the potential
    upper limit of packet transfer in a) my network, b) in the various
    networks between me and some other defined system, and c) in the
    various networks between me and some other undefined system.

    Probably (c)

    Most likely .... How do "they" determine my 'Upload Speed' and then how
    do "they" determine my "Download Speed"??

    a) Can be answered by looking at the specs for your NIC Neither b)
    nor c) can be /reliably/ answered, as they depend on the states of
    the other networks in the route from you to that other system.
    Internet routing is variable, and there are many networks between you
    and the other system, and many routes to get there. How fast can you
    get from your home to, say, your local airport? If you travel the
    highway, you get one answer, but if you travel the back roads, you
    get another. If you go by car, you get a different answer then you
    would if you go by bicycle. That's internet routing.

    How fast can I get from my Home to the Airport and then back Home?? ;-P
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 20:54:49 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 9/09/2025 1:20 am, R.Wieser wrote:
    Daniel,

    But how does the distant end know when I have received the entire file >>>> (i.e. Download end time)??

    As said, the sending-side marks the last to-be-send data-block as being ... well, the last block. :-)

    Similarly, how does the distant end know when my computer started the
    Upload (Upload start time)??

    By receiving the first block of data ?

    Mind you, files do *not* get send as a single block, but as a number of smaller blocks.

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser


    Yes, understood, Rudy, don't start sending second Block until reception
    of first block acknowledged.
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Dan Purgert@dan@djph.net to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 11:12:05 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 2025-09-09, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 12:05 am, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-08, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 8/09/2025 11:50 pm, R.Wieser wrote:
    Daniel,

    If I START NOW how does the clock at the other end know when to START that
    clock. Sure, they'll know when to STOP that clock.
    ...
    Conversely, when the distant end STARTs to send infomation, the know when >>>>> to start that clock .... but how do they know when they should STOP that >>>>> clock??

    Thats the nice thing about TCP (as in: TCP/IP) communications : When the >>>> receiver finishes receiving a block of data it will send a signal back that
    the block is received correctly, and the next block may be send - or that, >>>> as the sending-side indicated, the last block was received.

    iow, *both* sides can start timers and get an accurate duration of the >>>> transmission.

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser


    But both sides only know when a FULL CYCLE has been completed .... not
    two half cycles.

    What is a "full" or "half" cycle?

    I know when I send something out .... and I know when I receive
    something back .... e.g. I made my post at 23:58, yesterday, 08/09/25
    and, if I had still been online, I might have received your reply at
    0005, 09/09/25 .... so this full cycle took "7 minutes". But I did
    receive it now, 20:15, 09/09/25

    I know that not a good example for this situation but, hopefully, you
    get what I mean by "full" or "half" cycle?

    Yeah, I get it now. It's not how speed tests work, because the files
    being transferred are large enough that one Round-Trip Time ("RTT") is
    going to largely impact the calculations (also, both ends know the RTT,
    since you figured out "best server" by pinging several).
    --
    |_|O|_|
    |_|_|O| Github: https://github.com/dpurgert
    |O|O|O| PGP: DDAB 23FB 19FA 7D85 1CC1 E067 6D65 70E5 4CE7 2860
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Dan Purgert@dan@djph.net to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 11:14:42 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 2025-09-09, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 1:08 am, R.Wieser wrote:
    Daniel,

    But both sides only know when a FULL CYCLE has been completed .... not two >>> half cycles.

    Why ?

    I can see when I start upload and when it finishes, and in the same way when >> I get the first block of data of a download and when I get the last one.

    And that goes for both sides of the communication.

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser

    If I send you Data ...... and I hear nothing back. Do I assume you
    received my Data or do I just resend?? After a Minute?? An Hour?? A Day??

    For speed tests, you will never send data and not get a response.

    For general traffic, if you get no response to your initial handshake,
    you stop sending data, since there's nobody to talk to.
    --
    |_|O|_|
    |_|_|O| Github: https://github.com/dpurgert
    |O|O|O| PGP: DDAB 23FB 19FA 7D85 1CC1 E067 6D65 70E5 4CE7 2860
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 21:18:41 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 9/09/2025 6:46 am, Carlos E.R. wrote:
    On 2025-09-08 16:24, Daniel70 wrote:
    I don't know if I've done a good enough job of explaining my situation
    .... just goes to show how confused I am.

    The speed test measures how long it takes to send a large bunch of data. This is different from the time it takes to send a single packet,
    because as you say, the time for the answer to get back to you means you measure double the time. Two trips.

    However, the speed test may also show the "ping time". Perhaps "round
    ping time". This can be estimated using time stamps, I believe. The ping command does print that info.

    The Speed Test does show a Ping time .... 14 mS .... whilst its doing
    the 'Download' speed test .... 12.59Mb/s .... THEN it tests the Upload
    speed .... 0.98Mb/s
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Carlos E.R.@robin_listas@es.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 13:14:55 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 2025-09-09 12:54, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 1:20 am, R.Wieser wrote:
    Daniel,

    But how does the distant end know when I have received the entire file >>>>> (i.e. Download end time)??

    As said, the sending-side marks the last to-be-send data-block as
    being ...
    well, the last block.  :-)

    Similarly, how does the distant end know when my computer started the >>>>> Upload (Upload start time)??

    By receiving the first block of data ?

    Mind you, files do *not* get send as a single block, but as a number of
    smaller blocks.

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser


    Yes, understood, Rudy, don't start sending second Block until reception
    of first block acknowledged.

    Hum. Maybe not. I did not study TCP in that detail, but older protocols
    would send a number of blocks, say 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 and start receiving
    the ACKs after number 3. The receiver says OK to number 1, fail number
    2, Ok number 3... so after a while, out of sequence, the sender repeats
    number 2, just after sending number 6.
    --
    Cheers, Carlos.
    ES🇪🇸, EU🇪🇺;
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From R.Wieser@address@is.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 13:24:27 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    Daniel,

    If I send you Data ...... and I hear nothing back. Do I assume you
    received my Data or do I just resend?? After a Minute?? An Hour?? A Day??

    When you use TCP/IP you *always* hear something "back".

    *When you successfully connected to the other puter* and you send a block of data you either get a message from the other side that it received the data block OK and you can send the next one, or a status from the your 'puters TCP/IP driver that, *after it has automatically re-tried several times*, something is wrong with the connection.

    (notice the bolded parts)

    So, when the down/upload fails and with me knowing that TCP/IP has already done its damn best to send/receive the data, I give it plenty of time, as something serious seems to be going wrong. When I'm eager to have the
    data sometimes just an hour, but at other times a day or even more. Its a
    bit of a "do I feel lucky" kind of situation.

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser


    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 21:36:19 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 9/09/2025 9:14 pm, Carlos E.R. wrote:
    On 2025-09-09 12:54, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 1:20 am, R.Wieser wrote:
    Daniel,

    But how does the distant end know when I have received the
    entire file (i.e. Download end time)??

    As said, the sending-side marks the last to-be-send data-block as
    being ... well, the last block. :-)

    Similarly, how does the distant end know when my computer
    started the Upload (Upload start time)??

    By receiving the first block of data ?

    Mind you, files do *not* get send as a single block, but as a
    number of smaller blocks.

    Regards, Rudy Wieser

    Yes, understood, Rudy, don't start sending second Block until
    reception of first block acknowledged.

    Hum. Maybe not. I did not study TCP in that detail, but older
    protocols would send a number of blocks, say 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 and start receiving the ACKs after number 3. The receiver says OK to number 1,
    fail number 2, Ok number 3... so after a while, out of sequence, the
    sender repeats number 2, just after sending number 6.

    During my Military Service, I worked at The Australian Army's Primary
    H.F. Transmitter site. Most of our signals were multi-channel TTY over
    an A.F. channel. Just kept sending. If there was a corruption, that'd
    get resent later, if needed.

    One circuit operated as you described above, virtually Byte-by-byte
    error detection and correction.
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 21:42:40 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 9/09/2025 2:30 pm, Woozy Song wrote:
    Daniel70 wrote:
    (Posted to both Win-11 and Linux groups)

    Some years ago, The Australian Government set up a "company" to
    connect everyone up to the Internet. Commercial Buildings would get
    Fibre-to-the-Building whilst Homes would get Fibre-to-the-Node then
    twisted pair to the Home .... unless the Home-owner paid the extra
    bucks to get Fibre-to-the-Home.

    Actually, the first suburbs rolled out got FTTH, I was lucky to be in
    one. But then under pressure from Murdoch, the government went for the
    mixed madness system (FTTN, coax, fixed wireless, whatever shit was in
    the spare parts bin....)

    Oh!! Are you Inner-suburban or something, Woozy?? Or Canberra?? ;-P
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 21:46:26 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 9/09/2025 8:36 pm, R.Wieser wrote:
    Daniel,

    If a response not got for a package, you resend that package.

    In an Error Detection and Correction situation, yes ....

    That is what TCP is for.

    but what if Distant end is not expecting me to send anything??

    Than they would not be listening for something to come in, and you get a status back that your packet could not find an open port to deliver the data at.

    Do I just keep sending, ad infinitum??

    When you go visit someone unexpectedly, do you just keep knocking on their door until they open(even if they are currently on vacation), or do you
    think after a few times knocking that they just might not be home ?

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser

    Roger.
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Dan Purgert@dan@djph.net to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 12:13:12 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 2025-09-09, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 12:43 am, Lew Pitcher wrote:
    On Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:24:30 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 8/09/2025 11:43 pm, Lew Pitcher wrote:
    On Mon, 08 Sep 2025 23:24:12 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 8/09/2025 10:21 pm, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-08, Daniel70 wrote:
    [...] Which got me thinking ..... How do "they" Speed-test
    Internet Links?? .. particularly How do 'they' distinguish
    the Up-link TIME from the Down-link TIME?? e.g. my current
    speeds, using Speedtest [...]

    For the most part, a speedtest works by you downloading a
    file of known size (say 100 MiB), and then sending it back.
    Exact file size will vary by testing provider, but
    essentially it's just this:

    Download start = 0.00 Download end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = X Mbit / sec

    But how does the distant end know when I have received the
    entire file (i.e. Download end time)??

    Upload Start = 0.00 Upload end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = Y Mbit / Sec

    Similarly, how does the distant end know when my computer
    started the Upload (Upload start time)??

    The transfers typically use TCP, and that protocol includes
    feedback from the receiving end as to whether or not it has
    received the data sent. Typically, this feedback is in small
    enough packets that transmission latency doesn't affect the
    overall throughput measurement enough to matter.

    In theory, only one end has to make the timing measurements; It
    can be the sending end, or the receiving end.

    For sending-end measurement, the sender - starts the clock -
    sends a known amount of data to the receiver, obeying the
    receiver's TCP flow-control requests - stops the clock at the TCP
    FIN/FIN-ACK end-of-data acknowledged - computes elapsed time -
    computes upload transfer rate (known amount of data / computed
    elapsed time)

    O.K., so my computer sends my Start time, then a certain amount of
    Data (1kB, maybe), and then sends my computers End Time. So
    including the clock times, totaling, maybe, 1.1kB.

    Nope. Your computer neither sends "Start time" nor "End time". It
    simply sends data via TCP to the other system.

    Your system opens a TCP connection to the OTHER SYSTEM, and when the
    OTHER SYSTEM receives that TCP connection request from your system,
    the OTHER SYSTEM notes the start time.

    As your system sends data, the OTHER SYSTEM receives it, and
    measures how much data it received.

    When your system finishes sending data, it closes the TCP
    connection, which sends a TCP "all done" control message to the OTHER
    SYSTEM. When the OTHER SYSTEM receives that "all done" control
    message, it records the "End time", computes the elapsed time and
    volume of data, and then computes the throughput.

    YEAP!! Undergerstumble!! But did my data travel via Undersea Co-ax or
    via Low Earth orbit Satellite or via High Earth orbit Satellite ..... or
    via one of those reflector Panels (supposedly) left on The Moon by the Apollo Astronauts??


    It doesn't matter - throughput is not latency.

    If I'm receiving from you:
    1. I know I got the first packet at (UNIX TIME) 1757418187
    2. I know I got the last packet at (UNIX TIME) 1757418287
    3. I know the file size was 100 MB
    4. Therefore I calculate the rate as
    100MB / (1757418287 - 1757418187)
    800Mbit / 100 sec = 8 mbit/sec

    Or if I'm sending to you
    1. I know I sent the first packet at (UNIX TIME) 1757418187
    2. I know I sent the last packet at (UNIX TIME) 1757418287
    2.1 I got the last ACK 20 milliseconds later, and throw it away because
    it doesn't matter.
    3. I know the file size was 100MB
    5. Therefore I calculate the rate as
    100 MB / (1757418287 - 1757418187)
    800 Mbit / 100 sec = 8 mbit / sec

    [...]
    Data transfer time. How loan AFTER I started sending did YOU start receiving??

    For the most part, latency doesn't matter -- we're talking some tens of milliseconds for a full round trip against some tens or hundreds of
    seconds to transfer the test file.


    Most likely .... How do "they" determine my 'Upload Speed' and then how
    do "they" determine my "Download Speed"??

    We've told you a dozen times, you're just not listening.

    [...]
    How fast can I get from my Home to the Airport and then back Home?? ;-P

    That would be the RTT / Latency, and doesn't matter when you're asking
    "what's the best way to get me, my 10 closest friends, all our luggage,
    and two dogs to the airport?"
    --
    |_|O|_|
    |_|_|O| Github: https://github.com/dpurgert
    |O|O|O| PGP: DDAB 23FB 19FA 7D85 1CC1 E067 6D65 70E5 4CE7 2860
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 22:34:58 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 9/09/2025 10:13 pm, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-09, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 12:43 am, Lew Pitcher wrote:
    On Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:24:30 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 8/09/2025 11:43 pm, Lew Pitcher wrote:
    On Mon, 08 Sep 2025 23:24:12 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 8/09/2025 10:21 pm, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-08, Daniel70 wrote:
    [...] Which got me thinking ..... How do "they" Speed-test
    Internet Links?? .. particularly How do 'they' distinguish
    the Up-link TIME from the Down-link TIME?? e.g. my current
    speeds, using Speedtest [...]

    For the most part, a speedtest works by you downloading a
    file of known size (say 100 MiB), and then sending it back.
    Exact file size will vary by testing provider, but
    essentially it's just this:

    Download start = 0.00 Download end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = X Mbit / sec

    But how does the distant end know when I have received the
    entire file (i.e. Download end time)??

    Upload Start = 0.00 Upload end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = Y Mbit / Sec

    Similarly, how does the distant end know when my computer
    started the Upload (Upload start time)??

    The transfers typically use TCP, and that protocol includes
    feedback from the receiving end as to whether or not it has
    received the data sent. Typically, this feedback is in small
    enough packets that transmission latency doesn't affect the
    overall throughput measurement enough to matter.

    In theory, only one end has to make the timing measurements; It
    can be the sending end, or the receiving end.

    For sending-end measurement, the sender - starts the clock -
    sends a known amount of data to the receiver, obeying the
    receiver's TCP flow-control requests - stops the clock at the TCP
    FIN/FIN-ACK end-of-data acknowledged - computes elapsed time -
    computes upload transfer rate (known amount of data / computed
    elapsed time)

    O.K., so my computer sends my Start time, then a certain amount of
    Data (1kB, maybe), and then sends my computers End Time. So
    including the clock times, totaling, maybe, 1.1kB.

    Nope. Your computer neither sends "Start time" nor "End time". It
    simply sends data via TCP to the other system.

    Your system opens a TCP connection to the OTHER SYSTEM, and when the
    OTHER SYSTEM receives that TCP connection request from your system,
    the OTHER SYSTEM notes the start time.

    As your system sends data, the OTHER SYSTEM receives it, and
    measures how much data it received.

    When your system finishes sending data, it closes the TCP
    connection, which sends a TCP "all done" control message to the OTHER
    SYSTEM. When the OTHER SYSTEM receives that "all done" control
    message, it records the "End time", computes the elapsed time and
    volume of data, and then computes the throughput.

    YEAP!! Undergerstumble!! But did my data travel via Undersea Co-ax or
    via Low Earth orbit Satellite or via High Earth orbit Satellite ..... or
    via one of those reflector Panels (supposedly) left on The Moon by the
    Apollo Astronauts??


    It doesn't matter - throughput is not latency.

    But I'm not really interested in throughput OR latency but how long it
    takes to get from A (my place) to B (test site) .... and then how long
    it takes to get from B (test site) to A (my place).

    If I'm receiving from you:
    1. I know I got the first packet at (UNIX TIME) 1757418187
    2. I know I got the last packet at (UNIX TIME) 1757418287
    3. I know the file size was 100 MB
    4. Therefore I calculate the rate as
    100MB / (1757418287 - 1757418187)
    800Mbit / 100 sec = 8 mbit/sec

    Or if I'm sending to you
    1. I know I sent the first packet at (UNIX TIME) 1757418187
    2. I know I sent the last packet at (UNIX TIME) 1757418287
    2.1 I got the last ACK 20 milliseconds later, and throw it away because
    it doesn't matter.
    3. I know the file size was 100MB
    5. Therefore I calculate the rate as
    100 MB / (1757418287 - 1757418187)
    800 Mbit / 100 sec = 8 mbit / sec

    [...]
    Data transfer time. How loan AFTER I started sending did YOU start
    receiving??

    For the most part, latency doesn't matter -- we're talking some tens of milliseconds for a full round trip against some tens or hundreds of
    seconds to transfer the test file.


    Most likely .... How do "they" determine my 'Upload Speed' and then how
    do "they" determine my "Download Speed"??

    We've told you a dozen times, you're just not listening.

    [...]
    How fast can I get from my Home to the Airport and then back Home?? ;-P

    That would be the RTT / Latency, and doesn't matter when you're asking "what's the best way to get me, my 10 closest friends, all our luggage,
    and two dogs to the airport?"

    But that's NOT what I'm asking, Dan, in this instance, I want to know
    How fast can I get from my Home to the Airport and then back Home?? i.e.
    FULL CIRCLE.

    The Speed Test Site seems to be testing how long it took to get to the Airport, though. ............ And then how long for me to get Home.
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Carlos E.R.@robin_listas@es.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 14:39:41 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 2025-09-09 14:13, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-09, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 12:43 am, Lew Pitcher wrote:
    On Tue, 09 Sep 2025 00:24:30 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 8/09/2025 11:43 pm, Lew Pitcher wrote:
    On Mon, 08 Sep 2025 23:24:12 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 8/09/2025 10:21 pm, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-08, Daniel70 wrote:
    [...] Which got me thinking ..... How do "they" Speed-test
    Internet Links?? .. particularly How do 'they' distinguish
    the Up-link TIME from the Down-link TIME?? e.g. my current
    speeds, using Speedtest [...]

    For the most part, a speedtest works by you downloading a
    file of known size (say 100 MiB), and then sending it back.
    Exact file size will vary by testing provider, but
    essentially it's just this:

    Download start = 0.00 Download end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = X Mbit / sec

    But how does the distant end know when I have received the
    entire file (i.e. Download end time)??

    Upload Start = 0.00 Upload end = [TIME]

    File size / TIME = Y Mbit / Sec

    Similarly, how does the distant end know when my computer
    started the Upload (Upload start time)??

    The transfers typically use TCP, and that protocol includes
    feedback from the receiving end as to whether or not it has
    received the data sent. Typically, this feedback is in small
    enough packets that transmission latency doesn't affect the
    overall throughput measurement enough to matter.

    In theory, only one end has to make the timing measurements; It
    can be the sending end, or the receiving end.

    For sending-end measurement, the sender - starts the clock -
    sends a known amount of data to the receiver, obeying the
    receiver's TCP flow-control requests - stops the clock at the TCP
    FIN/FIN-ACK end-of-data acknowledged - computes elapsed time -
    computes upload transfer rate (known amount of data / computed
    elapsed time)

    O.K., so my computer sends my Start time, then a certain amount of
    Data (1kB, maybe), and then sends my computers End Time. So
    including the clock times, totaling, maybe, 1.1kB.

    Nope. Your computer neither sends "Start time" nor "End time". It
    simply sends data via TCP to the other system.

    Your system opens a TCP connection to the OTHER SYSTEM, and when the
    OTHER SYSTEM receives that TCP connection request from your system,
    the OTHER SYSTEM notes the start time.

    As your system sends data, the OTHER SYSTEM receives it, and
    measures how much data it received.

    When your system finishes sending data, it closes the TCP
    connection, which sends a TCP "all done" control message to the OTHER
    SYSTEM. When the OTHER SYSTEM receives that "all done" control
    message, it records the "End time", computes the elapsed time and
    volume of data, and then computes the throughput.

    YEAP!! Undergerstumble!! But did my data travel via Undersea Co-ax or
    via Low Earth orbit Satellite or via High Earth orbit Satellite ..... or
    via one of those reflector Panels (supposedly) left on The Moon by the
    Apollo Astronauts??


    It doesn't matter - throughput is not latency.

    If I'm receiving from you:
    1. I know I got the first packet at (UNIX TIME) 1757418187
    2. I know I got the last packet at (UNIX TIME) 1757418287
    3. I know the file size was 100 MB
    4. Therefore I calculate the rate as
    100MB / (1757418287 - 1757418187)
    800Mbit / 100 sec = 8 mbit/sec

    Or if I'm sending to you
    1. I know I sent the first packet at (UNIX TIME) 1757418187
    2. I know I sent the last packet at (UNIX TIME) 1757418287
    2.1 I got the last ACK 20 milliseconds later, and throw it away because
    it doesn't matter.
    3. I know the file size was 100MB
    5. Therefore I calculate the rate as
    100 MB / (1757418287 - 1757418187)
    800 Mbit / 100 sec = 8 mbit / sec

    [...]
    Data transfer time. How loan AFTER I started sending did YOU start
    receiving??

    For the most part, latency doesn't matter -- we're talking some tens of milliseconds for a full round trip against some tens or hundreds of
    seconds to transfer the test file.


    Most likely .... How do "they" determine my 'Upload Speed' and then how
    do "they" determine my "Download Speed"??

    We've told you a dozen times, you're just not listening.

    You are not listening either, he does want the latency time. That's his question.


    [...]
    How fast can I get from my Home to the Airport and then back Home?? ;-P

    That would be the RTT / Latency, and doesn't matter when you're asking "what's the best way to get me, my 10 closest friends, all our luggage,
    and two dogs to the airport?"

    --
    Cheers, Carlos.
    ES🇪🇸, EU🇪🇺;
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Carlos E.R.@robin_listas@es.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 14:41:13 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 2025-09-09 14:34, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 10:13 pm, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-09, Daniel70 wrote:


    YEAP!! Undergerstumble!! But did my data travel via Undersea Co-ax or
    via Low Earth orbit Satellite or via High Earth orbit Satellite ..... or >>> via one of those reflector Panels (supposedly) left on The Moon by the
    Apollo Astronauts??


    It doesn't matter - throughput is not latency.

    But I'm not really interested in throughput OR latency but how long it
    takes to get from A (my place) to B (test site) .... and then how long
    it takes to get from B (test site) to A (my place).

    That's latency.
    --
    Cheers, Carlos.
    ES🇪🇸, EU🇪🇺;
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From R.Wieser@address@is.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 13:32:36 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    Daniel,

    Yes, understood, Rudy, don't start sending second Block until reception of first block acknowledged.

    And the good part about that all of that (waiting, sometimes re-sending of lost or damaged blocks) is managed by the TCP/IP driver. You only have to provide it with all of the data at once (or keep feeding a number smaller blocks of data), and that TCP/IP driver will do the rest.

    ... than again, if you are using UDP you have to do all of that yourself ... :-)

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser


    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From R.Wieser@address@is.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 13:53:00 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    Carlos,

    Yes, understood, Rudy, don't start sending second Block until reception
    of first block acknowledged.

    Hum. Maybe not. I did not study TCP in that detail, but older protocols would send a number of blocks, say 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 and start receiving the ACKs after number 3. The receiver says OK to number 1, fail number 2, Ok number 3... so after a while, out of sequence, the sender repeats number
    2, just after sending number 6.

    You are correct, it still does that. But its not a good idea to try to explain higher math to someone who doesn't (yet) know how additions work.

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser


    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 00:04:20 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 9/09/2025 10:41 pm, Carlos E.R. wrote:
    On 2025-09-09 14:34, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 10:13 pm, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-09, Daniel70 wrote:

    YEAP!! Undergerstumble!! But did my data travel via Undersea
    Co-ax or via Low Earth orbit Satellite or via High Earth orbit
    Satellite ..... or via one of those reflector Panels
    (supposedly) left on The Moon by the Apollo Astronauts??

    It doesn't matter - throughput is not latency.

    But I'm not really interested in throughput OR latency but how long
    it takes to get from A (my place) to B (test site) .... and then
    how long it takes to get from B (test site) to A (my place).

    That's latency.

    Ah!! O.K., my mistake.

    I thought 'Latency' was how long it took something to get up'n'going!!
    i.e. overcoming "inertia".
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Carlos E.R.@robin_listas@es.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Tue Sep 9 18:30:39 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 2025-09-09 16:04, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 10:41 pm, Carlos E.R. wrote:
    On 2025-09-09 14:34, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 10:13 pm, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-09, Daniel70 wrote:

    YEAP!! Undergerstumble!! But did my data travel via Undersea
    Co-ax or via Low Earth orbit Satellite or via High Earth orbit
    Satellite ..... or via one of those reflector Panels
    (supposedly) left on The Moon by the Apollo Astronauts??

    It doesn't matter - throughput is not latency.

    But I'm not really interested in throughput OR latency but how long
    it takes to get from A (my place) to B (test site) .... and then
    how long it takes to get from B (test site) to A (my place).

    That's latency.

    Ah!! O.K., my mistake.

    I thought 'Latency' was how long it took something to get up'n'going!!
    i.e. overcoming "inertia".

    I asked chatgpt to make sure. :-)

    Q: In the scenario of measuring internet connection speed, what would be
    the latency?

    A: In the context of measuring **internet connection speed**,
    **latency** refers to the **time it takes for a data packet to travel
    from your device to a remote server and back**. It's usually measured in **milliseconds (ms)** and is also known as **ping**.

    ### Breakdown:

    * **Latency = Round-trip time (RTT)**
    * It measures **delay**, not speed (throughput).
    * Lower latency = faster response.

    ---

    ### Example:

    When you run a speed test:

    * **Ping/Latency:** 20 ms
    * **Download speed:** 100 Mbps
    * **Upload speed:** 20 Mbps

    Here:

    * **100 Mbps** is how much data can be received per second.
    * **20 ms** latency means it takes 20 milliseconds to send a small
    request to the server and get a reply.

    ---

    ### Why Latency Matters:

    * High latency can cause **lag** in:

    * Online gaming
    * Video calls
    * Real-time applications

    Even with fast download speeds, high latency can make the connection
    feel sluggish.

    ---

    Would you like help measuring or interpreting your own latency?
    --
    Cheers, Carlos.
    ES🇪🇸, EU🇪🇺;
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Lawrence =?iso-8859-13?q?D=FFOliveiro?=@ldo@nz.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 00:01:37 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On Tue, 9 Sep 2025 21:36:19 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:

    On 9/09/2025 9:14 pm, Carlos E.R. wrote:

    Hum. Maybe not. I did not study TCP in that detail, but older
    protocols would send a number of blocks, say 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 and start
    receiving the ACKs after number 3. The receiver says OK to number 1,
    fail number 2, Ok number 3... so after a while, out of sequence, the
    sender repeats number 2, just after sending number 6.

    During my Military Service, I worked at The Australian Army's Primary
    H.F. Transmitter site. Most of our signals were multi-channel TTY over
    an A.F. channel. Just kept sending. If there was a corruption, that'd
    get resent later, if needed.

    You’re talking fairly low-bandwidth communication, where the end-to-end latency is only a few symbols at most.

    With typical Internet connection speeds, end-to-end latencies can add up
    to dozens, hundreds of data packets. So if you don’t use a windowing protocol, you end up with very low channel bandwidth usage efficiency.
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Lawrence =?iso-8859-13?q?D=FFOliveiro?=@ldo@nz.invalid to alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 00:59:09 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On Tue, 9 Sep 2025 12:30:43 +0800, Woozy Song wrote:

    Actually, the first suburbs rolled out got FTTH, I was lucky to be in
    one. But then under pressure from Murdoch, the government went for the
    mixed madness system (FTTN, coax, fixed wireless, whatever shit was in
    the spare parts bin....)

    NZ did FTTH all the way, at least in all the reasonably-sized urban
    centres, including mine.

    Though it turned out the company that originally laid the fibre trunks
    took a few ... short-cuts ...
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Lawrence =?iso-8859-13?q?D=FFOliveiro?=@ldo@nz.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 00:59:34 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On Tue, 9 Sep 2025 21:18:41 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:

    The Speed Test does show a Ping time .... 14 mS .... whilst its doing
    the 'Download' speed test .... 12.59Mb/s .... THEN it tests the Upload
    speed .... 0.98Mb/s

    VDSL?
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From vallor@vallor@cultnix.org to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 01:00:57 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On Tue, 9 Sep 2025 13:53:00 +0200, "R.Wieser" <address@is.invalid> wrote
    in <109p7tq$106v8$2@dont-email.me>:

    Carlos,

    Yes, understood, Rudy, don't start sending second Block until
    reception of first block acknowledged.

    Hum. Maybe not. I did not study TCP in that detail, but older protocols
    would send a number of blocks, say 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 and start receiving
    the ACKs after number 3. The receiver says OK to number 1, fail number
    2, Ok number 3... so after a while, out of sequence, the sender repeats
    number 2, just after sending number 6.

    You are correct, it still does that. But its not a good idea to try to explain higher math to someone who doesn't (yet) know how additions
    work.

    Regards,
    Rudy Wieser

    When I first learned about TCP/IP, I read text files ftp'ed from
    the net.

    I still have them, one of them being:

    https://vallor.earth/ip/tcp-ip-intro.txt

    RUTGERS
    The State University of New Jersey
    Center for Computers and Information Services
    Laboratory for Computer Science Research


    3 October 1988

    This is an introduction to the Internet networking protocols (TCP/IP).
    It includes a summary of the facilities available and brief descriptions of the major protocols in the family.

    Copyright (C) 1987, Charles L. Hedrick. Anyone may reproduce this document, in whole or in part, provided that: (1) any copy or republication of the entire document must show Rutgers University as
    the source, and must include this notice; and (2) any other use of
    this material must reference this manual and Rutgers University, and
    the fact that the material is copyright by Charles Hedrick and is used
    by permission.
    [...]

    More documents at

    https://vallor.earth/ip/
    --
    -v System76 Thelio Mega v1.1 x86_64 NVIDIA RTX 3090Ti 24G
    OS: Linux 6.16.5 D: Mint 22.2 DE: Xfce 4.18
    NVIDIA: 580.82.07 Mem: 258G
    "Who is "General Failure" and why is he reading my disk?"
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Lawrence =?iso-8859-13?q?D=FFOliveiro?=@ldo@nz.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 01:01:07 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On Wed, 10 Sep 2025 00:04:20 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:

    I thought 'Latency' was how long it took something to get up'n'going!!
    i.e. overcoming "inertia".

    How would “inertia” apply to something like electrons, which weigh hardly anything?
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Lawrence =?iso-8859-13?q?D=FFOliveiro?=@ldo@nz.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 01:02:27 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On Tue, 9 Sep 2025 20:23:51 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:

    ... what if Distant end is not expecting me to send anything?? Do I just
    keep sending, ad infinitum??

    This is why you need some kind of acknowledgement protocol. Together with timeouts.
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From vallor@vallor@cultnix.org to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 01:41:24 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On Wed, 10 Sep 2025 01:01:07 -0000 (UTC), Lawrence D’Oliveiro <ldo@nz.invalid> wrote in <109qikj$1bc44$3@dont-email.me>:

    On Wed, 10 Sep 2025 00:04:20 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:

    I thought 'Latency' was how long it took something to get up'n'going!!
    i.e. overcoming "inertia".

    How would “inertia” apply to something like electrons, which weigh
    hardly anything?

    A download can _look_ like it has inertia, if it starts with
    TCP slow-start.
    --
    -v System76 Thelio Mega v1.1 x86_64 NVIDIA RTX 3090Ti 24G
    OS: Linux 6.16.5 D: Mint 22.2 DE: Xfce 4.18
    NVIDIA: 580.82.07 Mem: 258G
    "Three out of five people aren't the other two."
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 20:24:38 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 10/09/2025 2:30 am, Carlos E.R. wrote:
    On 2025-09-09 16:04, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 10:41 pm, Carlos E.R. wrote:
    On 2025-09-09 14:34, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 10:13 pm, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-09, Daniel70 wrote:

    YEAP!! Undergerstumble!! But did my data travel via Undersea
    Co-ax or via Low Earth orbit Satellite or via High Earth orbit
    Satellite ..... or via one of those reflector Panels
    (supposedly) left on The Moon by the Apollo Astronauts??

    It doesn't matter - throughput is not latency.

    But I'm not really interested in throughput OR latency but how long
    it takes to get from A (my place) to B (test site) .... and then
    how long it takes to get from B (test site) to A (my place).

    That's latency.

    Ah!! O.K., my mistake.

    I thought 'Latency' was how long it took something to get up'n'going!!
    i.e. overcoming "inertia".

    I asked chatgpt to make sure. :-)

    Q: In the scenario of measuring internet connection speed, what would be
    the latency?

    A: In the context of measuring **internet connection speed**,
    **latency** refers to the **time it takes for a data packet to travel
    from your device to a remote server and back**. It's usually measured in **milliseconds (ms)** and is also known as **ping**.

    So a "one-way" journey.

    ### Breakdown:

    * **Latency = Round-trip time (RTT)**

    But wait, "Latency" is now Return Trip Time!!

    * It measures **delay**, not speed (throughput).
    * Lower latency = faster response.

    ---

    ### Example:

    When you run a speed test:

    * **Ping/Latency:** 20 ms
    * **Download speed:** 100 Mbps
    * **Upload speed:** 20 Mbps

    Here:

    * **100 Mbps** is how much data can be received per second.

    ... but one-way, only!!

    * **20 ms** latency means it takes 20 milliseconds to send a small
    request to the server and get a reply.

    So is that "Round Trip" time??

    ---

    ### Why Latency Matters:

    * High latency can cause **lag** in:

      * Online gaming
      * Video calls
      * Real-time applications

    Even with fast download speeds, high latency can make the connection
    feel sluggish.

    ---

    Would you like help measuring or interpreting your own latency?

    Thanks for the offer, Carlos, but I don't really think I'm achieving
    anything .... except annoying you guys. ;-)
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 20:29:55 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 10/09/2025 10:01 am, Lawrence D’Oliveiro wrote:
    On Tue, 9 Sep 2025 21:36:19 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 9:14 pm, Carlos E.R. wrote:

    Hum. Maybe not. I did not study TCP in that detail, but older
    protocols would send a number of blocks, say 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5 and start
    receiving the ACKs after number 3. The receiver says OK to number 1,
    fail number 2, Ok number 3... so after a while, out of sequence, the
    sender repeats number 2, just after sending number 6.

    During my Military Service, I worked at The Australian Army's Primary
    H.F. Transmitter site. Most of our signals were multi-channel TTY over
    an A.F. channel. Just kept sending. If there was a corruption, that'd
    get resent later, if needed.

    You’re talking fairly low-bandwidth communication, where the end-to-end latency is only a few symbols at most.

    No, Lawrence, I'm not talking "fairly low-bandwidth communication",
    Lawrence, nothing THAT FAST!! Try 50 or 75 Baud, late 70's/early 80's.

    With typical Internet connection speeds, end-to-end latencies can add up
    to dozens, hundreds of data packets. So if you don’t use a windowing protocol, you end up with very low channel bandwidth usage efficiency.

    o.K.
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 20:39:23 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 10/09/2025 10:59 am, Lawrence D’Oliveiro wrote:
    On Tue, 9 Sep 2025 21:18:41 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:

    The Speed Test does show a Ping time .... 14 mS .... whilst its doing
    the 'Download' speed test .... 12.59Mb/s .... THEN it tests the Upload
    speed .... 0.98Mb/s

    VDSL?

    Ummm!! Never heard that term before, Lawrence, so I don't know.

    I've stated my speeds above, .... but my sisters newly upgraded system
    can, apparently, achieve 100Mb/s but is being throttled to just 50Mb/s Download speed (cheaper account).
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 20:40:56 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 10/09/2025 10:59 am, Lawrence D’Oliveiro wrote:
    On Tue, 9 Sep 2025 12:30:43 +0800, Woozy Song wrote:

    Actually, the first suburbs rolled out got FTTH, I was lucky to be in
    one. But then under pressure from Murdoch, the government went for the
    mixed madness system (FTTN, coax, fixed wireless, whatever shit was in
    the spare parts bin....)

    NZ did FTTH all the way, at least in all the reasonably-sized urban
    centres, including mine.

    Though it turned out the company that originally laid the fibre trunks
    took a few ... short-cuts ...

    Who would'a'thunk??
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Dan Purgert@dan@djph.net to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 10:52:03 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 2025-09-10, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 10/09/2025 2:30 am, Carlos E.R. wrote:
    On 2025-09-09 16:04, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 10:41 pm, Carlos E.R. wrote:
    On 2025-09-09 14:34, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 10:13 pm, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-09, Daniel70 wrote:

    YEAP!! Undergerstumble!! But did my data travel via Undersea
    Co-ax or via Low Earth orbit Satellite or via High Earth orbit
    Satellite ..... or via one of those reflector Panels
    (supposedly) left on The Moon by the Apollo Astronauts??

    It doesn't matter - throughput is not latency.

    But I'm not really interested in throughput OR latency but how long
    it takes to get from A (my place) to B (test site) .... and then
    how long it takes to get from B (test site) to A (my place).

    That's latency.

    Ah!! O.K., my mistake.

    I thought 'Latency' was how long it took something to get up'n'going!!
    i.e. overcoming "inertia".

    I asked chatgpt to make sure. :-)

    Q: In the scenario of measuring internet connection speed, what would be
    the latency?

    A: In the context of measuring **internet connection speed**,
    **latency** refers to the **time it takes for a data packet to travel
    from your device to a remote server and back**. It's usually measured in
    **milliseconds (ms)** and is also known as **ping**.

    So a "one-way" journey.

    No, "There and back again".

    For example, a 22.1 millisecond ping to google.com means that

    1. We send an ICMP Echo request to Google at time = 0
    2. Google got it at time = x (we will assume x=11, knowing "22.1"
    was the full RTT)
    3. Google created an ICMP Reply at time = x+y (we will assume y=0.1,
    and add that to "x=11" from step 2)
    4. We get the Reply at 22.1 milliseconds

    Or, if we're doing "human scale" time.

    I ask Voyager 1 for some data at time = 0
    The spacecraft receives the message some 20-24 hours later.
    The spacecraft "instantly" responds
    I receive the message 20-24 hours later.

    Total latency (Round-Trip Time) of my request -- 40 to 48 hours.


    ### Breakdown:

    * **Latency = Round-trip time (RTT)**

    But wait, "Latency" is now Return Trip Time!!

    No, not "Return", "Round" Trip (aka "There and Back Again").


    * **100 Mbps** is how much data can be received per second.

    ... but one-way, only!!

    Link data rate and RTT are not exactly "coupled" to one another.

    You can have a very high-capacity (data / payload) link that has high
    latency -- for example, a station wagon full of tapes hurtling down the freeway.

    You can have a very low-capacity (data / payload) link that has low
    latency -- for example a 56k modem that is 22 milliseconds away from
    google.



    * **20 ms** latency means it takes 20 milliseconds to send a small
    request to the server and get a reply.

    So is that "Round Trip" time??

    yes.
    --
    |_|O|_|
    |_|_|O| Github: https://github.com/dpurgert
    |O|O|O| PGP: DDAB 23FB 19FA 7D85 1CC1 E067 6D65 70E5 4CE7 2860
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Carlos E.R.@robin_listas@es.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 13:06:34 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 2025-09-10 12:24, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 10/09/2025 2:30 am, Carlos E.R. wrote:
    On 2025-09-09 16:04, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 10:41 pm, Carlos E.R. wrote:
    On 2025-09-09 14:34, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 9/09/2025 10:13 pm, Dan Purgert wrote:
    On 2025-09-09, Daniel70 wrote:

    YEAP!! Undergerstumble!! But did my data travel via Undersea
    Co-ax or via Low Earth orbit Satellite or via High Earth orbit
    Satellite ..... or via one of those reflector Panels
    (supposedly) left on The Moon by the Apollo Astronauts??

    It doesn't matter - throughput is not latency.

    But I'm not really interested in throughput OR latency but how long
    it takes to get from A (my place) to B (test site) .... and then
    how long it takes to get from B (test site) to A (my place).

    That's latency.

    Ah!! O.K., my mistake.

    I thought 'Latency' was how long it took something to get
    up'n'going!! i.e. overcoming "inertia".

    I asked chatgpt to make sure. :-)

    Q: In the scenario of measuring internet connection speed, what would
    be the latency?

    A: In the context of measuring **internet connection speed**,
    **latency** refers to the **time it takes for a data packet to travel
    from your device to a remote server and back**. It's usually measured
    in **milliseconds (ms)** and is also known as **ping**.

    So a "one-way" journey.

    No. Read again. Going to and back.


    ### Breakdown:

    * **Latency = Round-trip time (RTT)**

    But wait, "Latency" is now Return Trip Time!!

    No. It clearly says "Round trip time".


    * It measures **delay**, not speed (throughput).
    * Lower latency = faster response.

    ---

    ### Example:

    When you run a speed test:

    * **Ping/Latency:** 20 ms
    * **Download speed:** 100 Mbps
    * **Upload speed:** 20 Mbps

    Here:

    * **100 Mbps** is how much data can be received per second.

    ... but one-way, only!!

    It is a different thing. Download speed, upload speed, and latency.


    * **20 ms** latency means it takes 20 milliseconds to send a small
    request to the server and get a reply.

    So is that "Round Trip" time??

    Yes.


    ---

    ### Why Latency Matters:

    * High latency can cause **lag** in:

       * Online gaming
       * Video calls
       * Real-time applications

    Even with fast download speeds, high latency can make the connection
    feel sluggish.

    ---

    Would you like help measuring or interpreting your own latency?

    Thanks for the offer, Carlos, but I don't really think I'm achieving anything .... except annoying you guys. ;-)

    It is not my offer, it was chatgpt's offer, and it has expired.
    --
    Cheers, Carlos.
    ES🇪🇸, EU🇪🇺;
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From MikeS@mikes@is.invalid to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 12:41:33 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 10/09/2025 11:39, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 10/09/2025 10:59 am, Lawrence D’Oliveiro wrote:
    On Tue, 9 Sep 2025 21:18:41 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:

    The Speed Test does show a Ping time .... 14 mS .... whilst its doing
    the 'Download' speed test .... 12.59Mb/s .... THEN it tests the Upload
    speed .... 0.98Mb/s

    VDSL?

    Ummm!! Never heard that term before, Lawrence, so I don't know.

    I've stated my speeds above, .... but my sisters newly upgraded system
    can, apparently, achieve 100Mb/s but is being throttled to just 50Mb/s Download speed (cheaper account).


    Am I the only reader thinking that the OP is either incredibly dim or is winding up those kind enough to keep responding, probably the latter?

    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Dan Purgert@dan@djph.net to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 11:48:51 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 2025-09-10, MikeS wrote:
    On 10/09/2025 11:39, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 10/09/2025 10:59 am, Lawrence D’Oliveiro wrote:
    On Tue, 9 Sep 2025 21:18:41 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:

    The Speed Test does show a Ping time .... 14 mS .... whilst its doing
    the 'Download' speed test .... 12.59Mb/s .... THEN it tests the Upload >>>> speed .... 0.98Mb/s

    VDSL?

    Ummm!! Never heard that term before, Lawrence, so I don't know.

    I've stated my speeds above, .... but my sisters newly upgraded system
    can, apparently, achieve 100Mb/s but is being throttled to just 50Mb/s
    Download speed (cheaper account).


    Am I the only reader thinking that the OP is either incredibly dim or is winding up those kind enough to keep responding, probably the latter?


    why not both?

    :)
    --
    |_|O|_|
    |_|_|O| Github: https://github.com/dpurgert
    |O|O|O| PGP: DDAB 23FB 19FA 7D85 1CC1 E067 6D65 70E5 4CE7 2860
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Daniel70@daniel47@somewhere.someplaceelse to alt.comp.os.windows-11,alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 22:01:03 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On 10/09/2025 9:41 pm, MikeS wrote:
    On 10/09/2025 11:39, Daniel70 wrote:
    On 10/09/2025 10:59 am, Lawrence D’Oliveiro wrote:
    On Tue, 9 Sep 2025 21:18:41 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:

    The Speed Test does show a Ping time .... 14 mS .... whilst its doing
    the 'Download' speed test .... 12.59Mb/s .... THEN it tests the Upload >>>> speed .... 0.98Mb/s

    VDSL?

    Ummm!! Never heard that term before, Lawrence, so I don't know.

    I've stated my speeds above, .... but my sisters newly upgraded system
    can, apparently, achieve 100Mb/s but is being throttled to just 50Mb/s
    Download speed (cheaper account).

    Am I the only reader thinking that the OP is either incredibly dim or is winding up those kind enough to keep responding, probably the latter?

    I'm not "winding up" so I guess that means I'm "incredibly dim" .... but trying to make myself less dim!
    --
    Daniel70
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2
  • From Lawrence =?iso-8859-13?q?D=FFOliveiro?=@ldo@nz.invalid to alt.os.linux on Wed Sep 10 19:31:19 2025
    From Newsgroup: alt.os.linux

    On Wed, 10 Sep 2025 20:40:56 +1000, Daniel70 wrote:

    On 10/09/2025 10:59 am, Lawrence D’Oliveiro wrote:

    On Tue, 9 Sep 2025 12:30:43 +0800, Woozy Song wrote:

    Actually, the first suburbs rolled out got FTTH, I was lucky to be in
    one. But then under pressure from Murdoch, the government went for the
    mixed madness system (FTTN, coax, fixed wireless, whatever shit was in
    the spare parts bin....)

    NZ did FTTH all the way, at least in all the reasonably-sized urban
    centres, including mine.

    Though it turned out the company that originally laid the fibre trunks
    took a few ... short-cuts ...

    Who would'a'thunk??

    Actually it was more in documenting what they’d done, more than anything.

    When a crew came to install the fibre to my house, they couldn’t find the trunk to join to where the maps said it should be.
    --- Synchronet 3.21a-Linux NewsLink 1.2